Rhetorical analysis memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorical analysis memo - Assignment Example Today, the organization has over 2,500 members where they have put up programs to promote pig farming on a large scale. Ohio shelters over 4,100 pig farmers and many of these are operated by families and this organization ensures that they become successful in producing healthy pork for the nation (â€Å"What do pigs eat†). The mission of Ohio Pork Farmers organization is to help all the Ohio pork producers understand a healthy and safe environment for the pigs. The author’s purpose is to show the pig farmers the healthy process through diet that pigs under this organization undergo to produce quality and healthy pig products for the nation. The intent of the organization is to create a video that shows the benefits of modern commercial pig farming to produce the best pork products for the society. This video is most likely created for the larger Ohio community, who participate in pig farming to encourage them to join and partake in the extensive and controlled modern p ig farming process (â€Å"What do pigs eat†)? The intended audience is Ohio farmers and potential farmers to show them the steps the Ohio Pork Farmers organization is making to produce healthy pig products. By referencing to â€Å"modern† pig farming process, the video targets all private farmers to encourage them to become members, so that they benefit under the Ohio Pig Farmers organization. The video talks of pig feeds being â€Å"scientifically formulated† (â€Å"What do pigs eat†) to enlighten private farmers to join such an organization for a bigger commercial establishment. The author values modern pig farming and references this by citing that â€Å"modern pigs are fed on a diet of corn and soy beans (â€Å"What do pigs eat†). Through this revelation, it becomes apparent that the author values the process of a modern commercial farming unit where pigs are kept in controlled housing to get proper diet. In the

Analysis on the Metamorphosis by applying physical or mental illness Essay

Analysis on the Metamorphosis by applying physical or mental illness to Gregor - Essay Example Gregor was initially concerned about the nature of his job, observing that it was always demanding, due to the requirements to travel every day, face irregular train connections and eat bad food. However, of great concern is the fact that Gregor had â€Å"worries about†¦temporary and constantly changing human relationships which never come from the heart† (Kafka, 4). This is a simple indication that Gregor was not actually fascinated by the nature of the interactions that he had in the course of his job. It is this lack of appreciation of the social interactions that is characteristic of the attempts to avoid social interactions, which is a symptom of Avoidant Personality Disorder. The other aspect of Gregor that is characteristic of the disorder is the fact that he did not want to be associated with the others unless he was certain that he would be accepted. This nature of caution is attributable to the Avoidant Personality Disorder, which is symptomatic of a person avoiding any form of communication and interaction with the rest of the people, unless he/she is assured that the other people will like him or her (Johansen, et al., 518). In this respect, when Gregor’s family and the office manager came to check on Gregor after he had delayed to come out of his bedroom, he did not instantly wish to communicate to any of them, unless he was sure they would not reject him because of his new monstrous insect status. Thus, when his sister Grete whispered at his door that the office manager was there, the response was; â€Å"‘I know,’ said Gregor to himself. But he did not dare make his voice loud enough so that his sister could hear† (Kafk a, 14). This behavior is characteristic of avoiding interaction with others until at least some assurance would be given that he would be accepted in his new status. Showing restraint to intimately close relationship is yet another symptom of the Avoidant Personality Disorder

Hyatt Regency Walkway Design Analysis

Hyatt Regency Walkway Design Analysis The Hyatt Regency Walkway was an engineering design that was made in a hotel in Kansas. The construction began in spring of 1978. Then the Eldridge Construction Company entered  a subcontract with the company of Havens Steel in which they had agreed to fabricate and erect  the atrium steel for the Hyatt project. There were events and communications between both  companies about determining to change the design from a single to a double hanger rod box  beam connection for use on the fourth floor walkway. Then there was a setback because on  October 14, 1979, part of the atrium roof collapsed while the hotel was still in construction. They started an investigation of what caused the roof to collapse. Then into November there were reports and meetings between the owner and the architect assuring that the entire atrium was Safe. In July of 1980, the construction was completed and the Kansas City Regency Hotel opened. Introduction On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City   held a videotaped dance party in their atrium lobby. With many party-goers standing and dancing on the suspended walkways, connections supporting the ceiling rods that held up the second and fourth floor walkways across the atrium failed, and both walkways collapsed onto the crowded first floor atrium below. Background In 19760, the Crown Center Redevelopment Corporation started a project to design and also build the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City. There were some companies that were called to help with this project. One of them was the Gillum Colaco, which   had agreed to provide all the services for the Hyatt project. Then on April 4, they entered the real contract in.The G.C.E. were responsible for the drawings for the project. The walkways were not designed right because they were all connected to the 4th floor walkway. Investigation They went to the company that was responsible for the design and saw that they didnt support the rods well, thats why the walkways collapsed into the center of the dance were 114 people died and 216 people got injured. They then figured out what to do with the designer. Findings and recommendations References ENGINEERING.com. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse ENGINEERING.com. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse ENGINEERING.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016.   It was a vertically contiguous walkway that collapsed onto the tea dance that was in the hotel lobby. The walkway killed about 114 and injured 216, at that time that was the deadliest structural collapse in U.S history before the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. Background: The construction for the 40 story building began in May 1978. There were delays and setbacks including an incident that happened on October 14, 1979 when a 2,700 square foot of the atrium roof collapsed due to the failure of one of the connections at its northern end, the hotel still was officially opened on July 1,1980. The building was constructed to one of the walkways that had to also hold the weight of two others which in that case when 1,600 people gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch the tea dance and when there was 40 people on the second level walkway and more on the third and also with like 16 to 20 on the fourth level where they watched the activities that were going on below in the lobby. The construction difficulties resulted in a subtle but flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway that supported beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of both walkways which the design could barely adequately support the dead load weight of the structure itself. With the weight of the spectators the connection failed and the fourth floor walkway collapsed onto the second floor walkway then both fell unto the lobby killing 111 and injuring 219, but later on 3 more passed away in the hospital. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_walkway_collapse On july 17,1981 the Hyatt Regency hotel held a videotaped tea dance party. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czmQS81k9eM There was a crew of reporters there to record the dance. They recorded the walkways and showed all the people dancing and others at a bar area because there were 4 different bar sections. Later on around 7:00, they had to change the battery and while they were changing the battery the walkways then collapsed onto the lobby and there was silence for like a moment then all of a sudden there were people screaming and yelling for help. The reporters then turned on again the camera and recorded after the walkways had collapsed. Due to evidence supplied at the Hearings, a number of principals involved lost their engineering licenses, a number of firms went bankrupt, and many expensive legal suits were settled out of court Rubric rating submitted on: 12/21/2016, 12:43:50 PM by [emailprotected] 10 5 0 Title Page    Your score: 5 x Present not done Table of Contents    Your score: 5 x Present not done Abstract    Your score: 3 Present not done Introduction    Your score: 5 x Background    Your score: 7 Present not done Investigation    Your score: 5 Present not done Findings    Your score: 0 Present not done Impact    Your score: 0 Present not done Conclusion    Your score: 0 x not done References    Your score: 3 References included no references Notes    Your score: 10 Notes recorded no notes 6 Content Pages    Your score: 2 filled 6 pages 3 content pages no contents pages

Food Shortages :: essays papers

Food Shortages One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all. Danielle Knight stated that â€Å"The true source of world hunger is not scarcity but policy; not inevitability but politics, the real culprits are economies that fail to offer everyone opportunities, and societies that place economic efficiency over compassion.† The author is trying to say that, basically, world hunger is mainly caused by us humans. The world is providing more than enough food for each and every one of us on earth according to the report - 'World Hunger: Twelve Myths'. The problem is that there are so many people living in the third world countries who do not have the money to pay for readily available food. Even if their country has excess food, they still go hungry because of poverty. Since people are mistaken by â€Å"scarcity is the real cause of this problem†, governments and institutions are starting to solve food shortage problems by increasing food production, while there really is an excess of food in some countries. Although the green revolu tion was a big success globally, hunger still exists in some countries. The author stated, â€Å"Large farms, free-markets, free trade, and more aid from industrialized countries, have all been falsely touted as the ‘cure’ to end hunger†. All of those are used to promote exports and food production, it doesn’t increase the poor’s ability to buy food he says. What the government really should do is to balance out the economy, and let more people earn more money to buy more foods. Sandra Postel, on the other hand, has a different opinion than Danielle’s. She proposed that â€Å"without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food-producing regions will not have enough water to sustain crop production†. Food Shortages :: essays papers Food Shortages One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all. Danielle Knight stated that â€Å"The true source of world hunger is not scarcity but policy; not inevitability but politics, the real culprits are economies that fail to offer everyone opportunities, and societies that place economic efficiency over compassion.† The author is trying to say that, basically, world hunger is mainly caused by us humans. The world is providing more than enough food for each and every one of us on earth according to the report - 'World Hunger: Twelve Myths'. The problem is that there are so many people living in the third world countries who do not have the money to pay for readily available food. Even if their country has excess food, they still go hungry because of poverty. Since people are mistaken by â€Å"scarcity is the real cause of this problem†, governments and institutions are starting to solve food shortage problems by increasing food production, while there really is an excess of food in some countries. Although the green revolu tion was a big success globally, hunger still exists in some countries. The author stated, â€Å"Large farms, free-markets, free trade, and more aid from industrialized countries, have all been falsely touted as the ‘cure’ to end hunger†. All of those are used to promote exports and food production, it doesn’t increase the poor’s ability to buy food he says. What the government really should do is to balance out the economy, and let more people earn more money to buy more foods. Sandra Postel, on the other hand, has a different opinion than Danielle’s. She proposed that â€Å"without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food-producing regions will not have enough water to sustain crop production†.

The Taming of the Shrew; Is Kate Tamed?

Katherina may be a shrew, but Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew does not truly show a study of how a selfish, spoilt individual is made to conform to society’s expectations, or be tamed into a ‘proper’ woman. At the end of the play, Katherina is not, necessarily, tamed – she just realizes what she must to do in order to get the things she wants. Two main examples of her submitting to Petruchio in order to achieve her desires are in Act 4, scene 5, (the sun versus moon scene) as well as Act 5, scene 2 (the kiss me kate scene and her final monologue).In Act 4, scene 5, the audience is shown a major part of Petruchio’s ‘taming’ process. Petruchio exclaims: â€Å"Good Lord, how bright and goodly shines the moon! † (iv, v, line 3, page 185). It is, of course, the sun shining brightly, as Kate rightly corrects him. When Petruchio threatens Kate by telling her that they will not proceed on their journey to her father’s house unless she agrees with him, Kate is smart enough to realize that the only way to continue on the trip would be to comply.She readily agrees with Petruchio, quite respectfully and subserviently, in fact. Even when Petruchio counters her agreement with â€Å"Nay, then you lie. It is the blessed sun† (iv, v, line 20, page 187) Kate manages to control her anger and, once again, agrees with him. The audience is aware that Kate knows Petruchio is using this ‘obedience’ strategy as a way to tame Kate and that she seems to have caught on to his tactic. By showing her self-control during that moment, instead of having an outburst, it is obvious that Kate outsmarted Petruchio.She is not, at all, tamed; simply able to get the things she wants in a calmer manner. Instead of taming her, Petruchio has taught her new ways of achieving the things she wants. As well, in Act 5, scene 2, Kate is also shown to be manipulating the situation around her while appearing â€Å"tam ed†. When the couple is heading towards Lucentio and Bianca’s wedding dinner, Petruchio pauses in the street and asks Kate to kiss him. She is a little appalled at his forward behaviour and questions him briefly. â€Å"What, in the midst of the street? †¦ / No, sir God forbid, be ashamed to kiss. † (v, ii, line 148, 149, page 205). Again, she is threatened with having to return home instead of joining in the festivities, and Kate gives Petruchio a kiss. This obedient kiss may indicate Petruchio’s power over her, but it was clear to Kate that if she did not give him the kiss he asked for, she would not have been allowed to proceed to the wedding feast. Kate is smart and cunning and she manipulated his yearn for her tameness in order to do everything that she wants to while making him happy and pleased.In addition, Kate’s final monologue, also in Act 5, scene 2, tells the audience a lot; about the play itself, as well as the society in Shakespear e’s era. On face value, Kate’s final monologue seems to be a long lecture about serving your husband, no questions asked. â€Å"Then vail your stomachs, for it is no boot, / And place your hands below your husband’s foot† (v, ii, lines 92-3, page 221). However, Shakespeare gave Kate the last word in the play, a sign of her consistent power and control.As well, her monologue can be perceived as quite ironic. Kate is aware of the beliefs about how women in the household should act and, as clearly portrayed throughout the entire play, the role Petruchio has been trying to get her to fill. By playing along fullheartedly with society’s expectations, in front of the large audience of guests, Kate becomes â€Å"truly tamed† – or just incredibly clever. By teaching Bianca and the widow how to treat their husbands properly, she is deemed tamed. â€Å"‘Tis a wonder, by your leave, she will be tamed so. v, ii, line 206, page 221). Now, Ka te has cleared her reputation. The Taming of the Shrew shows how shrewd Kate changes – but she never morphs into the Elizabethan wife Petruchio, and all the other characters, thinks she becomes. Instead, she learns how to manipulate situations in order to get the things she desires without having large outbursts and a sour attitude. This Shakespeare comedy is a laugh at society’s expectations, as it shows how a powerful woman, Kate, outsmarted her arrogant, Elizabethan husband. Katherina:

Do You Agree with the View Presented in Source 9 That Critics of the Second Boer War

Do you agree with the view presented in source 9 that critics of the second Boer War ‘were wrong to say that the concentration camps were part of the deliberate use of the â€Å"methods of barbarism† Explain your answer, using sources 7, 8 and 9 and your own knowledge. 40 marks The concentration camps during the second Boer War were set up in 1900 after several policies were introduced by Kitchener in response to the Guerrilla warfare, and were not intended as places of punishment.In fact, they were set up to provide food, water, entertainment and most of all protection for families during this time. Over the years many opinions have risen on the conditions in these concentration camps and although, as stated by Andrew Roberts, they were not deliberately set up as ‘part of the deliberate use of â€Å"methods of barbarism†, this theory has been challenged by many.Robert Ensor, who wrote that the camps ‘were grossly mismanaged’ and Sir Henry Campb ell-Bannerman who stated that war is unfair ‘when it is carried on by methods of barbarism’, are both prime examples of how there are extremely diverse views on the purpose of the concentration camps during the Second Boer War. It is apparent that concentration camps during the Second Boer War were set up to protect individuals and families rather than punish them. In many ways the concentration camps were places of safety and hope for the Boers affected by this war, and to an extent attendance was not compulsory.Andrew Roberts, who wrote ‘Salisbury: Victorian Titan’ seems to support this view stating that ‘food, shelter, clothing and above all, protection’ were offered and that ‘attendance was normally voluntary’, and as he was a historian who was specialised, knowledgeable and educated in this subject, it is likely that this information is correct to an extent. Kitchener introduced concentration camps to shelter families, and did not intend them to turn into such a ‘terrible unexpected by-product of guerrilla war’ as stated by the book which was published in 1999.This suggests that it was written for information purposes rather than morale or propaganda, therefore signifying that the information included would not be exaggerated for this reason, and the fact it was written such a long time after the concentration camps took place, it allowed him time to make a judgement, although this could involve secondary information which he had misinterpreted, therefore making the source less reliable and perhaps quite biased.

New Report Reveals Insights About Job Hopping Across Generations

New Report Reveals Insights About Job Hopping Across Generations We’re all familiar with the narrative: Baby Boomers are devoted workaholics, Gen Xers are ambitious revenue generators, Millennials are entitled and disloyal, and Gen Zers, who are only just entering the workforce now, are likely to be even more opportunistic than their older counterparts. The idea that the generation you belong to impacts your tendency to job hop is a popular opinion. But for the most part, it’s also just that: opinion. In fact, recent studies have shown that the notion that younger generations are less likely to stick around than Baby Boomers and Gen Xers is something of a myth. And now, thanks to LiveCareer’s 2018 Job-Hopping Report, we have a whole new heap of insights on this topic.The analysis investigated job churn across the four generations mentioned above – Baby Boomers (1946 to 1964); Gen Xers (1965 to 1980); Millennials (1981 to 1997); and Gen Zers (1998 to present) – while also looking at trends by occupation and educat ion level. What it found was that yes, younger generations do appear to spend less time in positions than their older colleagues – Gen Zers’ average job tenure is 1.2 years, millennials’ is 2.4, Gen Xers’ is 5.4, and Baby Boomers’ is 8. A comparison of the number of positions held over the past five years across generations paints a similar picture.But, according to the report, the dynamics that inform this pattern have very little to do with cohort membership.It’s about career maturation, not generation Findings suggest that this trend is more linked to life and career stage than generational factors. In other words, millennials and Gen Zers aren’t more likely to jump ship just because they are millennials and Gen Zers, but rather because they’re younger and at an earlier juncture in their careers. In fact, longitudinal surveys reveal that older generations were just as flighty when they were young professionals in a similar p hase of their work life.The report concludes that as employees move further along their career path, they tend to stay longer in roles. This is supported by data that shows that the job-hopping inclination of software developers (the vast majority of whom are Millennials) trends downwards when comparing the past two years of their careers to the past five.So, the good news for all you younger workers is that you now have a strong counterargument when someone labels millennials as the job-hopping generation. But that doesn’t mean you can relax entirely. There is another demographic factor that is, apparently, a good gauge of job-hopping tendencies, and that’s education.  The curse of being too educated  Simply put, the analysis found that the more educated you are, the more likely you are to change jobs regularly – a high school graduate, for instance, tends to stay put for longer than someone with a bachelor’s degree. This trend is linked to another f inding that today, across a range of occupations, job seekers often possess a higher level of education than is required.For example, blue-collar workers, like servers, cashiers, bartenders, and caregivers, list higher education qualifications when they build a resume 8.3x more often than blue-collar employers include them as requirements in job ads.As being overqualified is linked to an affinity for job hopping, possessing a degree you don’t need for a position might damage your chances of getting the job. And because millennials are more educated than previous generations (65% have a higher education, as compared to 57.2% of Gen Xers and 48.5% of Baby Boomers), they’re most likely to be hit the hardest by this truth.  To list or not to list qualifications on your resume? So, what do you do if you’ve gone to the trouble of earning a degree, but the job you want doesn’t call for one? To avoid being seen as a potential flight risk, consider leaving your higher education off your resume – particularly if you’re applying for a non-professional role. We’re not promoting dishonesty, but it may be in your interest to play down your qualifications in the earlier stages of the job application process to at least get an interview.You can take this one step further when it comes to professional certifications and licenses – don’t even enroll for them if they’re not requirements. While there are some fields where employers do value these credentials, the report indicates that there are also jobseekers in many roles who have poured time and money into training that most hiring managers don’t find valuable. These include administrative assistants, bartenders, cashiers, store managers, customer service representatives, sales associates and software developers.In particular, if you’re one of the last three, it’s probably not worth investing in costly certificates and testing at all.à ‚   Not one job ad examined for these professions made mention of any certifications or licenses, so attaining one is not only unnecessary but could make you appear overqualified.  The answer lies in the job ad The best way to know whether you should or shouldn’t list your degree on your resume or sign up for that certificate program is to carefully examine job ads. And not just the ad for the role you’re currently eyeing; scrutinize a wide range of postings relevant to your field and take note of the highest level of education listed and of any credentials regularly cited as must-haves.  By doing so, you’ll get a good idea of the kind of qualifications employers consider critical. And if you pitch yourself at this level and make sure your resume closely matches requirements, you can avoid being labeled a job hopper, regardless of your generation.Discover additional findings on job hopping, plus a free PDF download of the full report, via this link: 2018 Job -Hopping Report.LiveCareer offers assistance to job seekers at every step of the journey. Access free  resume templates  and  resume examples, plus a  cover letter builder  and advice on how to answer  interview questions  of all stripes.

Global Business Environmental Forces Essay Example

Global Business Environmental Forces Essay Example Global Business Environmental Forces Paper Global Business Environmental Forces Paper The analysis and interpretation of the report is solely based on the small survey, questionnaire limited to few aspects of B and interviews with the manager of the organizations. The major content of this report is based on the analysis of the impact of biographical characteristics on employee output, ability job fit, personality and organization fit, comparison of motivational practices, desirable and non desirable behavior Of employee at work. Regarding our analysis, we have tried to compare our results with general view. In some cases, it showed similarity and in some cases there were contrasting results. Because of the time factor, employees biases and small sample size survey, our results could not be generalized and compared with any empirical evidence, so we may have had contrasting results. To motivate employees, both the organizations use the practices of giving bonuses, fringe benefits, festival leaves and allowances, regular job rotation, trainings, appraisal system and others. The desirable behavior in both the organizations can be numerated as time and efficiency concern, commitment to duty, initiative and resourceful, dependability, willingness and readiness to perform, interpersonal skills, arsenal effectiveness where some of the undesirable behaviors were indiscipline, unreliability, job incompetence, unethical behaviors, unsystematic and unrecognized approach to job. Buddha Air and Yeti Airlines concentrates on modern technological advances to design a systematic communication channel, participatory management, more training programs and workshops, rewards system to effectively manage its employees. : Global Business Environment Forces Business environment is the total situation of all the factors or forces surrounding and influencing operation and development of a business firm r company. The CIFS center for management research state that the global business environment can be defined as the environment in different sovereign countries, with factors exogenous to the home environment of the organization, influencing decision making on resource use and capabilities. Forces outside the firms traditional boundaries are increasingly important in determining the firms success. These forces in the environment of business differ among nations and over time, continually confronting the firm with new issues that require modifications in strategies and management practices. Global business and marketing strategies are highly influenced and determined by the findings an analysis of foreign and international environmental forces. Simply knowing the demand situation, customers behaviors and operational forces in market is inadequate. In the case of international business or marketing a detailed analysis of environmental forces must be done. The environmental forces that play an important role are as follows: 1 Political forces 2. Legal forces 3. Socio-culture forces 4. Economic and socio-economic forces 5. Financial forces 6. Labor forces These factors and changes in them present both threats and opportunities that require shifts in marketing plans. To spot trends and other signals that conditions may be in flux, marketers must continually monitor the environment in which their companies operate. To get a better idea of how they affect a firms marketing activities, lets look at each of the areas of the external environment. . Political forces: The political environment in a country influences the political climate, stability and security, types of government and philosophies, nationalism, political kiss, international and diplomatic relations, etc. 2. Legal forces: The legal environment includes legal system, international laws and institutions, all legal provisions on trade and investment that affect the operation and development of foreign business firms and companies, and enforcement mechanism. 3. Socio-culture environment forces: It includes attitudes, beliefs, customs, religions, etc. Of the people. . Economic and socio-economic environment forces: It includes income and distribution of income, production costs, consumption expenditures, demographic features and distribution, etc. 5. Financial forces: Financial forces include inflation, monetary situation, foreign exchange market, policies and reserves, etc. 6. Labor forces: Labor forces includes composition, skills, attributes union, strikes, etc. Economic and Socio-economic Forces The economic and socioeconomic forces of a country stand to be most important in gearing the growth and the development Of the country. It is needless to mention that these economic and socio economic forces are variable and keep changing from one country to another. While the economic forces become accountable for the great changes and movements in many entries, the socioeconomic forces collectively lead to changes in many societies. The impact of the forces is ever changing and depends on numbers of factors ranging from the social, political and economical externalities. Many economic policies together may make upheavals in many societies. Again, there are many societies where social values, beliefs and philosophies lead to considerable alterations of the economic system of the society. Moreover, there are many societies, where the impact of the economic and socioeconomic forces has been immense with all their effects on the society n the whole. Hence, the impacts of these forces are variable and are controlled by numbers of additional factors. Below there is discussion on the economic and social forces that lead to changes in the societies. Economic forces correspond to the nature and course of the economy within which the business operates. Economic factors always have their tremendous impacts on the business for organizations. The common state of the economy for instance, depression, recovery, or prosperity, recession, interest rate, stage of the economic cycle, fiscal policy, balance of payments, monetary policy, are mom of the key variables In corporate employments, investment, and the pricing decisions. The effect of growth or turn down in GNP or the gross national product and increases or decreases in the interest rates, inflation, and the price of the dollar are held as the prime instances of considerable impact on the business operations. In order to evaluate the local situation, an organization may seek information relating to the economic base and prospect of the region and in addition, the impacts of this viewpoint on the unemployment, wage rates, non-refundable income, and mostly on the remonstration and commercial bases. The state of the world economy is most critical for organizations working in such regions. The social forces are no less impacting when compared to the economic forces. Social forces comprise societal trends, traditions, consumer psychology, values, and a societys opportunities of business. The subsequent factors are some of the main concerns in the social environments. Ecology, for instance, pollution and global warming, demographics for instance, feeble workforce in developed countries, population growth rates, and the high educational requirements are all important factors. In addition to these factors, quality of life comprising standard of living, safety, education, health care, and many of the uneconomic activities are also main factors. Furthermore, social issues can rapidly become political and even officially permitted issues. Social forces are often become decisive because of their impact on peoples behavior. For an association to survive, the good or service must be required, thus customer behavior is referred as a split environmental behavior. Behavioral factors also make impacts on the organizations from inside, specifically, the employees and the organization. A societys prospects of business present other constraints and opportunities. These expectations originate from miscellaneous groups referred to as the stakeholders. Stakeholders comprise an organizations members of the board of directors, owners or the stockholders, creditors, managers and operating employees, customers, suppliers, distributors, and other interest groups at the broadest level, stakeholders comprise the common public. Levels of Economic Development Developed: A classification for all industrialized nations, which are the most technically developed. A developed country or more developed country (M DC), is a override state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations. Most commonly the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GAP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HID) rating. However, many anomalies exist when determining developed status by whichever measure is used Developed countries produce large quantities of goods, services, and in general do a lot of manufacturing. Countries such as these use science to improve technology and generally have good health care and education for their people, as well as adequate food, clothing, and housing. The characteristics of developed countries Developed countries are countries whose lives are patterned industry that has the following characteristics. . Average income per capita of the population is generally high. B. Education level of high average population. C. Life expectancy of the population average height. D. Population grog. VT rate per year is relatively small. E. The death rate per year is relatively small population. F. Life-style market economy. G. His wide and varied field. H. Economic activity in most industry sec tors, as well as export commodities. I. The majority of the population lives in cities. J. Relatively high level of population health. Developing: A classification for lower income nations, which are less technically developed. A developing country, also called a less-developed country OLD),is a nation with a low living standard, underdeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HID) relative to other countries. There are no universal, agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed, and which countries fit these two categories, although there is general reference points such as the size of a nations GAP compared to other nations. Developing countries practice subsistence farming and often have a poor income, clothing, and housing. Very few people in developing countries receive proper health care or education, and life expectancy is elatedly short. Most developing countries also lack the resources needed for economic growth. The characteristics of developing countries General characteristics of the developing countries are as follows. A. Average income per capita of the population were generally low. B. Education levels low average population. C. Life expectancy lower average population. . Population growth rate per year is quite high. E. The mortality rate is relatively high population per year. F. Livelihoods of the population is generally patterned agrarian. G. Narrow the field work. H. Commodity exports of raw materials, rather than processed ingredients. I. The majority of the population live in rural areas. J. Low levels of population health. K. High unemployment figures. Newly industrialized economies (Nines): The fast-growing upper-middle-income and high income economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The terms newly industrialization economies (Nines) or newly industrialization countries (Nice) first appeared in the late sass to refer to a small group of developing countries that had been successful not only in industrialization rapidly but in expanding their exports of manufactured products. These countries fell into two groups. Several large countries in Latin America that had industrialized through high levels of tariff protection, particularly Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, began at various points to promote exports of nontraditional products. The Latin American Nice did develop more diversified export structures that included labor-intensive light manufactures and even some intermediate and capital goods, but export-promotion policies were not always vigorously pursued and did not generate adequate foreign exchange to service rising external debt. The term NINES was Often used to refer exclusively to a second group Of East Asian countries: the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Korea and Taiwan industrialized in the 1 sass through import- substitution, and Singapore and Hong Kong were initially commercial entree ¶TTS. The transition to export-led growth was somewhat different in the four cases, but there are important similarities in their groom paths. All initially exploited their comparative advantage in light, labor-intensive manufactures, gradually diversifying into technology-, skill-, and even capital- intensive goods. All depended heavily on the U. S. Market and attempted to attract export-oriented foreign direct investment. Newly industrialization countries (Nice): The four Asian Tigers and the middle-income economies such as Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Chile, and Thailand. The category of newly industrialized country (NICE) is a socioeconomic, classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. Nice are countries whose economies have not yet reached developed country status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of Nice is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth(usually export-oriented). Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NICE. In many Nice, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, or agricultural, populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers. Nice usually share some other common features, including: * Increased social freedoms and civil rights. * Strong political leaders. * A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in he manufacturing sector. * An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world * Large national corporations operating in several continents. * Strong capital investment from foreign countries. Political leadership in their area of influence. Economic Dimensions Important Economic Indicators Gross National Income (IN) The Gross national income (IN) consists o the personal consumption expenditure, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abroad (net income receipts), and he gross exports of goo ds and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes. The IN is similar to the gross national product (GNP), except that in measuring the GNP one does not deduct the indirect business taxes. For example, if a British-owned company operating in another country sends some of their incomes (profits) back to I-J, Auks IN is enhanced. Similarly, a British production unit of a IIS company sending profit to the LIST will affect the British IN but will not reduce it since it is not included in the first place. An alternative approach to measuring IN at market prices is as the aggregate value of the balances of gross primary incomes for all sectors IN/ capita The GNP (Gross National Product) per capita of a country shows the average value of goods and services produced by each person each year. This is then divided by the total population to get an average earnings per person underground economy: The part of a nations income that, because of unrelenting or underreporting, is not measured by official statistics. Underground economy is undeclared legal production, production of illegal goods and arrives, and concealed income in kind. As a general rule, the higher the level of taxation and the more oppressive the government red tape, the bigger the underground economy will be. Estimates of the underground economy vary widely because of the different methodologies used to compile them; also, people who have undeclared income are not likely to admit it and be liable to prosecution for tax evasion. In addition to reducing the total taxes paid to government, the underground economy can result in distortion of economic data, which managers must take into account when using these data for equines decisions. Currency conversion Another problem with IN estimates is that to compare them the Anis in local currency must be converted to a common currency Conventionally the dollar by using an exchange rate. To overcome this deficiency, the UN international comparison program has developed a method of comparing Anis that is based on purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity Purchasing power parity (APP) is a theory which states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate teen two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries price level of a fixed basket of goods and services. When a countrys domestic price level is increasing (I. E a country experiences inflation), that countrys exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to APP. I The relative version of APP is calculated as: Where: S represents exchange rate of currency 1 to currency 2 Pl represents the cost of good x in currency 1 UP represents the cost of good x in currency 2 The simplest way to calculate purchasing power parity between two countries s to compare the price of a standard good that is in fact identical across countries. Every year The Economist magazine publishes a light-hearted version of APP: its Hamburger Index that compares the price of a McDonalds hamburger around the world. More sophisticated versions of APP look at a large number of goods and services. One of the key problems is that people in different countries consumer very different sets of goods and services, making it difficult to compare the purchasing power between The IN per capita; APP (US dollar) in Nepal was last reported at 1 260 in 2011 , according to a World Bank report published in 2012. IN per capita based on purchasing power parity (APP).

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist Austrian artist Egon Schiele (June 12, 1890- October 31, 1918) is best known for his expressionistic- and often sexually explicit- depictions of the human body. He was a successful artist in his time, but his career was cut short by the Spanish flu pandemic. He died at age 28. Fast Facts: Egon Schiele Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Sexually explicit paintings that shocked audiences and pushed the boundaries of the art world.Born: June 12, 1890 in Tulln, Austria-HungaryDied: October 31, 1918 in Vienna, Austria-HungaryEducation: Academy of Fine Arts ViennaSelected Works: Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands (1910), Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant (1912), Death and the Maiden (1915)Notable Quote: Art cannot be modern. Art is primordially eternal. Early Life Born in Tulln, Austria, on the banks of the Danube River, Egon Schiele was the son of Adolf Schiele, a station master for the Austrian State Railways. Trains were the subject of many of Egons early drawings as a child. He was known to spend many hours drawing and avoiding other topics in school. Egon Schiele had three sisters: Melanie, Elvira, and Gerti. Elvira often modeled for her brothers paintings. She married Schieles friend, the artist Anton Peschka. Schiele was close to his sister Gerti, the youngest child of the family; some biographical accounts suggest that the relationship was incestuous. Schieles father died from syphilis when the artist was 15. Schiele became a ward of his maternal uncle, Leopold Czihaczek. With the change of households, Schiele experienced support for his interest in art. In 1906, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. Career Beginnings In 1907, a teenage Egon Schiele sought out the famed artist Gustav Klimt, the founder of the Vienna Secession. Klimt took a keen interest in Schiele and bought his drawings while also introducing him to other patrons. Schieles early works show a strong influence of art nouveau and the style of the Vienna Secession. Klimt invited Schiele to exhibit his work at the 1909 Vienna Kuntschau. Schiele encountered the work of many other artists at the event, including Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh. Shortly after, Schieles work began to explore the human form in a sometimes sexually explicit manner. His 1910 painting Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands is seen as one of the most important nude pieces of the early 20th century. However, many observers at the time considered Schieles frank sexual content disturbing. In later years, Schiele distanced himself from Klimts ornate art nouveau-inspired aesthetic. Instead, his works began to take on a dark, emotional feel, emphasizing the intensity of human psychology. Arrest and Controversy From 1910 to 1912, Schiele participated in a wide range of group shows in Prague, Budapest, Cologne, and Munich. He founded the Neukunstgrupped (New Art Group) as a rebellion against the conservative nature of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. The group included other young artists such as Austrian expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. In 1911, Schiele met 17-year-old Walburga Neuzil. Neuzil lived with Schiele and served as a model for many of his paintings. Together, they left Vienna for Krumau, a small town that is now part of the Czech Republic. It was the birthplace of Egons mother. The couple was driven out of the town by local residents who disapproved of their way of life, including the fact that Schiele hired local teenage girls as nude models. Schiele and Neuzel moved to the small Austrian town of Neulengbach, about 35 kilometers west of Vienna. Egons art studio became a gathering place for local teenagers, and in 1912, he was arrested for seducing a young underaged girl. Police searching the studio seized more than one hundred drawings considered pornographic. A judge later dropped charges of seduction and abduction but convicted the artist of exhibiting erotic works in places accessible to children. He spent 24 days in jail. Schiele painted Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant in 1912. Historians consider it one of his most significant self-portraits. He depicted himself staring at viewers in a confident fashion. It avoids an idealized view of the artist by showing lines and scars on his face and neck. It was exhibited in Munich in 1912 and now resides in Viennas Leopold Museum. In 1913, the Galerie Hans Goltz produced Egon Schieles first solo show. He had another solo exhibition in Paris in 1914. In 1915, Schiele decided to marry Edith Harms, a daughter of middle-class parents in Vienna. He reportedly expected to also keep his relationship with Walburga Neuzil, but when she found out about the intent to marry Edith, she left, and Schiele never saw her again. He painted Death and the Maiden in response to the split with Neuzil, and he married Edith on June 17, 1915. Military Service Schiele avoided signing up to fight in World War I for nearly a year, but three days after his wedding, authorities called him to active duty in the army. Edith followed him to Prague, the city where he was stationed, and they were allowed to occasionally see each other. Despite his military service guarding and escorting Russian prisoners, Schiele continued to paint and exhibit his work. He had shows in Zurich, Prague, and Dresden. Due to a heart condition, Schiele received a desk job assignment as a clerk at a prisoner of war camp. There, he drew and painted imprisoned Russian officers. Final Years and Death In 1917, Schiele returned to Vienna and co-founded the Vienna Kunsthalle (Art Hall) with his mentor, Gustav Klimt. Schiele painted prolifically and participated in the Vienna Secessions 49th exhibit in 1918. Fifty of his works were displayed in the main hall of the event. The exhibition was a rousing success. In 1918, the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic struck Vienna. Six months pregnant, Edith Schiele died of the flu on October 28, 1918. Egon Schiele died three days later. He was 28 years old. Legacy Egon Schiele was a crucial figure in the development of Expressionism in painting. Schiele painted a phenomenal number of self-portraits and executed more than 3,000 drawings. His works often have stark emotional content in addition to the frank study of the human body. He worked alongside both Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, other key Austrian artists of the era. Schieles short yet prolific art career, the sexually explicit content of his work, and the allegations of sexual misconduct against the artist himself have made him the subject of multiple films, essays, and dance productions. The Leopold Museum in Vienna has the most extensive collection of Schieles work: over 200 pieces. Schieles work draws some of the highest contemporary prices at auction. In 2011, Houses With Colorful Laundry (Suburb II) sold for $40.1 million. In 2018, the 100th anniversary of Egon Schieles death inspired significant exhibitions of his work in London, Paris, and New York. Source Natter, Tobias G. Egon Schiele: The Complete Paintings, 1909-1918. Taschen, 2017.

Valuing diversity in our patient population Essay

Valuing diversity in our patient population - Essay Example As an Hispanic male, I take an interest in health care issues that face Hispanic people. This population of people in the United States is growing, but many of them do not receive good health care. According to a North Carolina Center for Public Policy Research news release, the reasons have been identified as language barriers, lack of insurance or the means to pay for health care, and lack of transportation (para. 8). The same news release also identified that some Hispanics do not know all the services that are available to them. These things need to be changed in order for the health care of Hispanics to improve. First, an increase in Hispanic, or Spanish-speaking medical professionals is necessary. I can personally understand how hard it is, and how frustrating it is, to try to discuss something as important as health care with a person who doesn't speak the same language you do. Of course, there are translators in some cases, but this creates the problem of increased waiting times at appointments while a translator is located and becomes available. It can also be very embarrassing for a patient to be constantly asked if he or she speaks English, and then have a fuss made to find someone who speaks Spanish. This alone could make a patient not want to see a doctor. The news release also mentioned that many Hispanics are in "low-wage occupations" (para. 4). This could directly account for lack of transportation, and the inability to pay for health care. Most low-paying jobs do not offer health insurance. If they do, it might not be affordable. Without a sufficient income, buying a car or paying for insurance becomes nearly impossible. Until these things are changed, the lack of health care for Hispanics will continue. Hispanics, though, aren't the only race of people who don't receive routine medical care. African Americans also fall into this category. Speaking solely of prenatal care, the NCCPPR news release claims that 87.7 percent of whites, 72.6 percent of African Americans, and 68 percent of Hispanic women (para. 6) see a doctor in the first trimester of pregnancy. There is a big gap in the number of white women who get care early, and the number of Blacks and Hispanics who do. The problem with this is that routine prenatal care is necessary for the child, as well as the mom, and not receiving it can cause problems for two people, not just one. Although African-American people and Hispanic people face some of the same problems related to health care, their experiences differ, as well. For starters, most African Americans do not have the problem of language barriers. Some Hispanics arrive in this country speaking no English, and still know little of the native language, and have the challenge of trying to decipher medical language as well. Of course, not all African Americans can understand a physician who uses big words, but they can understand other staff members, and probably are more comfortable asking another qualified person to help them figure out what the doctor meant. Black people do face some challenges, though, that Hispanics might not. In "Race Affects Health Care," Rob Stein discussed the fact that Black patients who are diabetic are more likely to suffer from uncontrolled blood sugar and high cholesterol (para. 15). This wasn't noted in Hispanic patients. This essay reads that "black women receive the

September 11, 2001 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

September 11, 2001 - Essay Example This paper will show that these changes are fully justifiable in the context of the ends justifying the means. The social contract theory is among the most influential theories in political sciences. The theory proposes that in order to have peace and stability, it is relevant for people give up some elements of their freedom to the ruling parties. Though these principles were used to justify the presence of all-powerful monarch, it was later revised to show that the state also has responsibilities to protect her citizens (Boetke, 2014). This theory shows that stability, real stability, takes sacrifice. The social contract theory proposes that it is necessary to sacrifice some freedoms in order to uphold others. For example, in the current situation, the state is only trying to protect the right to safety by infringing on some of the other rights. Before the terror attacks, the state held no interest in personal information such as banking statements and secret mobile monitoring of suspects. However, opponents of the social contract theory propose that the new regulations make the state more powerful that is good for the citizens. Therefore, the new rules infringe on the rights of citizens that were previously untouchable. There is an argument that it takes the control of the state closer to the monarchs powers that resulted in the revision of the social contract theory (Boetke, 2014). The idea of an all-powerful government would make the contemporary society a little uncomfortable. Opponents also propose that the new rules make no sense because they are an attempt by the state to cover for its mistakes. For example, terrorism is widely viewed to be the product of American involvement in the affairs of the Middle East, especially the support of establishment of the nation of Israel, and American support of that nation in the gulf war. What these opponents fail to realize is that the international policies adopted by the state benefit

Eliezer's Struggle to Keep his Faith in God Essay

Eliezer's Struggle to Keep his Faith in God - Essay Example Elie lost a mother and a small sister during the holocaust that aimed at slaughtering the Jews. Elie confronts the worst in humanity and the worst in him (Bloom, 39). Despite this dilapidating and worse environment, Elie keeps faith in God, though in sceptical on the delay to safeguard His people. It is vital to notice that, Wiesel perception about God changes when nothing happens to rescue people from the hands of the Germans. Wiesel remains sceptical on how God handles situations (Bloom, 38). This change in mind however does not change Elsie’s belief in God’s existence. It is noticeable that, Wiesel believes that, God’s power should be manifested in hard situations especially those facing the Jews. It is imperative to note that, Elie loses faith in God during the de-humanization process that was instituted by the Nazis, but continues to believe that, God exists. This context vividly explains Wiesel’s mind and understanding about God. Wiesel believes that , God is supernatural and no one can kill the dreams about God (Bloom, 34). It is however, paradoxical to realize that, the Nazis murder Elie’s vision about God. Elie laments, â€Å"Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live† it is flamboyant that the tone of anger and indelible grief in this passage reveals. Elie’s deep passionate feelings and believe about God was cleared off by the Nazi in a profound disillusionment (Bloom, 34). Wiesel believes that, the fear of God should be extended and manifested in human beings (Bloom, 56). This concept is vividly revealed in the love and passionate feelings expressed by Elie towards his ailing and weak father. Wiesel believes that God does the same to humankind. Elie is seen not thinking of abandoning his father, but of how to keep from losing him. This is exactly what God does to humanity (Bloom, 34). W iesel believes that, God does not abandon people but sticks with them. This context brings in a paradox, in that many people died and t question that disturbs Wiesel emerges, â€Å"Where is God?† After a dramatic execution of a resistance fighter at the camp, in which the young boy is strangled on the gallows because he is too light to break his neck, Elie’s disillusionment is markedly angrier and bitterer (Bloom, 39). Elie’s indulgence and perception about God tends to change after this incident. It is noteworthy, that Elie doubts God’s presence and undertaking. This is evident by the voice of man asking Elie from the background â€Å"where is God?† This depicts the change of mind and passion in God’s faith (Bloom, 40). Despite what Elie witnesses, a staunch element of trust takes centre stage, particularly, when a background voice answers the question on the presence of God. â€Å"He is here; He is hanging here on this gallows† (Blo om, 36). The happening of these events is attributable to Wiesel’s change in faith about God (Bloom, 39). It is imperative to note that, before the holocaust, Wiesel believed that, God is the sole protector and retaliator of the Jewish people. Wiesel believed that, whatever had happened before was according to God‘s great plans on the Jewish people (Bloom, 41). Wiesel accepted God’s will without further questioning. More over, when things got

Marketing Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Planning - Assignment Example Some dangled the benefit, some the direct offer, some contained a pricing cut, some concentrated on branding and gave away free items such as T-shirts. The goal was to determine the best motivation for customers that would make them purchase the car or, at the very least, show some interest on the product. They determined that the price discount is the best motivation. The $0 down offer resulted to 71 percent more direct responses than all of the other marketing offers they’ve launched in the past. He also went further by getting looking at where the customers came from, what they do, and their gender (Clifford, 2009). Mr. Herman used the data to convince Vespa that the $0 down is the most effective marketing offer and it is what should carried by the advertising agency. From the glory days of the glamorous Madison avenue, marketing has always been about creative images and catchy taglines but the current utilities available to businesses are allowing the collection of data to predict behaviour, determine climate of marketing environment and discover the most effective business strategy that to increase branding and revenues (Brennan, 2008). Such innovation could readily allow Starbucks to change its marketing strategy as dictated by the market. It is a true market – led strategic change. ... The Social assessment is a critical aspect because it examines the mainstream culture and how society will react to a product. Technology also affects the business. As new equipment and processes are developed, creating new products and producing the existing line becomes easier and more efficient. All these factors play a part in the marketing and affect the profitability of the company. b) Apply organisational and environmental auditing techniques to Starbucks. Starbucks is one of the very few companies who have the opportunity to establish an intimate relationship with its consumers (See figure 2 to see how Starbucks uses its IT) because of the different government policies that allowed it foster. It was able to advance its products, exercise freedom on designing marketing problems, advertising materials, and design its retail stores to reflect the image of freedom it projects. It is necessary to determine exactly how the US government was able to support this growth through the p olicies it set up such as business laws, taxes, employee rights, and others. For example, Starbucks enjoy big tax breaks on its environmental efforts. It has long supported recycling and the use of sustainable materials. It also provides incentives to customers who use their own cup when they go to Starbucks. Such efforts earn Starbucks as much $5,000 tax incentives for every $100,000 investment. The rate changes from state to state but nearly every State in America provides incentives. It can also enjoy tax incentives provided to big corporations. It is possible for Starbucks to measure the effects of these policies further by setting up a data-centered

The Machinations of International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Machinations of International Trade - Essay Example The UK has not ratified the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the Convention)2 which places the UK in an anomalous position vis-à  -vis its primary trading partners, often leading to pressure to accept the law of a contracting party that is a signatory to the Convention3. This has led to a marked difference between the approach in international trade law to contract termination and buyer remedies under the Convention, in contrast to the position under CIF and FOB contracts, where the role of documents is paramount to obligations of the trading parties4. Firstly, with regard to the certificate of origin, under CIF contracts, the part of the seller’s primary obligation is to ensure goods, deliver them to the shipping company and arrange for freight of goods5. Arguably most important is the bill of lading, which is essentially a transport document and covers movement by sea and constitutes documents of title and evidence as to who has the title, which is vital to obligations under CIF and FOB contracts6. If a bill of lading is consigned to a named party, they are known as â€Å"straight consigned†7. Moreover, bills of lading can be categorized according to the mode of transport specified under the contract8. For example, marine bills of lading cover shipment by sea and can be issued by the shipping company, captain or master of the vessel or party acting as agents for the carrier9. Alternatively, the â€Å"received for shipment† bill of lading pieces of evidence receipt of goods by the issuer, however, does not evidence that goods are en route10. Finally, â€Å"shipped on board† bills of lading constitute evidence.

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy Research Paper

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy - Research Paper Example    During the industrialization process of China, the automotive industry has grown rapidly. The growth of the automotive industry of China has become the catalyst for the growth of other sectors as well. The automotive industry of China has directed its attention towards the infrastructure development patterns (Zhang, 2003). The automobile industry of China is the major driver of the economy of the United States. This market has also played a vital role in the growth of other industrial economies. When Henry Ford applied the technique of line production in order to produce cars, the product transformed from a luxury item to an essential component of life. The automotive industry of China has evolved as the major driving the economy of China and its workforce. Some of the arguments about Chinese automotive industry focus on the consumption of automobiles in the market of China and the export approach of the country. According to different indicators, China is open to the foreign in vestment like Korea and Japan. These indicators also suggest that China may take a hybrid approach in order to direct its attention towards domestic consumption. At the same time, China may also build vehicles for export in order to produce world-class cars (Business Line, 2002) The automotive car industry of China is export-focused. The industry is very complex and is undergoing a transformation from low-cost to value-added products.  Ã‚   The global economic crises have severely influenced the automotive sector of the United States. However, the auto industry of China is growing constantly. The industry has become a bright focus for foreign car manufacturers. In the year 2008, China produced approximately eight times more vehicles than those produced in the 1990s. The annual production of cars in the automotive industry has allowed China to surpass the United States. The vehicles produced in the automotive industry of China have become very sophisticated with the passage of time. It is because of the partnership of China with major automotive giants including Volkswagen, Toyota, Mazda, GM, Honda, and others. The purpose of this partnership is to boost technological cooperation (Chang’An Automobile Group, 2002).

The Machinations of International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Machinations of International Trade - Essay Example The UK has not ratified the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the Convention)2 which places the UK in an anomalous position vis-à  -vis its primary trading partners, often leading to pressure to accept the law of a contracting party that is a signatory to the Convention3. This has led to a marked difference between the approach in international trade law to contract termination and buyer remedies under the Convention, in contrast to the position under CIF and FOB contracts, where the role of documents is paramount to obligations of the trading parties4. Firstly, with regard to the certificate of origin, under CIF contracts, the part of the seller’s primary obligation is to ensure goods, deliver them to the shipping company and arrange for freight of goods5. Arguably most important is the bill of lading, which is essentially a transport document and covers movement by sea and constitutes documents of title and evidence as to who has the title, which is vital to obligations under CIF and FOB contracts6. If a bill of lading is consigned to a named party, they are known as â€Å"straight consigned†7. Moreover, bills of lading can be categorized according to the mode of transport specified under the contract8. For example, marine bills of lading cover shipment by sea and can be issued by the shipping company, captain or master of the vessel or party acting as agents for the carrier9. Alternatively, the â€Å"received for shipment† bill of lading pieces of evidence receipt of goods by the issuer, however, does not evidence that goods are en route10. Finally, â€Å"shipped on board† bills of lading constitute evidence.

Us Involvement in Mogadishu Essay Example for Free

Us Involvement in Mogadishu Essay In response to the impending starvation of hundreds of thousands of Somalians the United States entered Somalia in December 1992 to provide humanitarian aid and establish a functioning government as under the UN mandated United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNISOM II). Acting as a replacement for the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission UNISOM II was carried out by United States-controlled (UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF). UNISOM was given the power to establish a stable environment in Somalia under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. On October 3, 1993 a battle between UNISOM joint forces and Somali militia ensued in Mogadishu. The operation was in decline following the two day battle of Mogadishu. In the fighting 18 US soldiers perished and a further 83 casualties were reported. The bodies of several US casualties were maimed and dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by an assortment of civilians and members Aidid’s Somali National Alliance. In response to the events pressure mounted for the immediate withdrawal of US troops. President Clinton announced in the days following that, â€Å"our mission from this day forward is to increase our strength, do our job, bring our soldiers out and bring them home† and that by mid 1994 all troops would be withdrawn. The US, for fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia reshaped foreign policy terms the years following. The resulting concept of the â€Å"Mogadishu Line† became intertwined in post Cold War international relations discourse. The withdrawal of US forces following the Battle of Mogadishu has been identified by its commentators as the key reason for the failure of US intervention in later conflicts such as the 1994 Rwanda Genocide. â€Å"The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US 2 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? policy. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like Somalia all over-again†1 Further instances of Clinton refusing to mobilize US ground troops: †¢ 200 lightly armed hostiles at the Haitian harbor of Port-au-Prince causing the withdrawal of the USS Harlan County a week after the Mogadishu battle †¢ Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 †¢ August 1998 bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania Killing 224 people and wounding more than 5,000 †¢ Clinton administration retaliates with missile strike on al-Qua’ida training camps at Zahwar Kili in Afghanistan Policy makers became more keen on risk avoidance. This became evident in a change in military tactics. Following the1998 bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania and the failure to kill Osama bin Laden prompted for the construction of plans for an armed assault to capture the Saudi masterm ind. Officers within the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) â€Å"were eager to go after bin Laden† 2. The CIA’s evaluation of the plans estimated a 95 percent chance of successful SOCOM capture of bin Laden given the chance to launch. The plans for the operation were opposed by the top brass. According to a Pentagon officer there was â€Å"reluctance to even discuss pro-active measures associated with countering the terrorist threat through SOF operations.† 2. Concluding in a Pentagon study Richard Shultz expressed that â€Å"The Mogadishu disaster spooked the Clinton administration as well as the brass†2. There was a prolonged and persistent refusal to implement surgical special operations strikes in the face of increasing intelligence regarding unspecified al-Qa’ida plans to attack US targets. A team of 20 Delta operators and SEALs from Task Force 20 were intent on conducting a raid on a home in Mosul, Iraq. The team was backed by a force of app roximately 200 of the 101st Air Assault Division. Forces were repelled by small arms fire repeatedly. To deal with the threat US forces evacuated neighboring homes and fired 18 antitank missiles thus neutralizing the threat. Following the September 11th attacks â€Å"US policy makers became more risk acceptant in dealing with the threat posed by al-Qa’ida.† 2. 1 Former US deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke. Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 2 3 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Evaluation of Sources John S. Brown, Brigadier General, U.S. Army Chief of Military History. Taken from ‘The United States Army in Somalia 1992 1994‘ The source offers the perspective of a historian under military command who was alive at the time. With both hindsight and first hand knowledge the source allows for a more-complete over view of the situation. With the purpose of education, the source is trustworthy to have usable information, however it could very well contain altered information as it has been assembled by a member of the armed forces involved. This source in particular is valuable in that it provides an overall evaluation of US involvement in Somalia from incursion to excursion. With this being written by a member of the US armed forces there is a clear bias towards US service members. This is evident in the statement â€Å"The American soldier had, as always, done his best..†. The source highlights the scope of the blow to US forces during the operation and validates the US’s later decision to refrain from providing military aid on humanitarian missions to come. â€Å"fortytwo Americans died and dozens more were wounded†. While the source serves as an accurate recount of what happened during the operation and provides a brief insight into the events following (Bosnia) it is limited by failing to directly address the topic at hand. The source does not address United States foreign policy changes as a result of the conflict. Benjamin Runkle. August 27, 2011. Taken from ‘The â€Å"Mogadishu Effect† and Risk Acceptance’ http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ The above source is an extract from an article written specifically concerning policy changes as a result of incidences during the US lead operations in Somalia. It has been taken from a site focusing on military history and policy. â€Å"CommandPosts.com was launched October 5, 2010, by St. Martin;s Press as a site for military history, current events, and fiction† 3. The purpose of this source is to provide relevant information to those seeking more in depth knowledge concerning Military history. â€Å"It is the intention of CommandPosts.com to foster a community that will engage the audience and provide a location rich in rational discourse and commentary, and find creative ways to support the m ilitary community† 4. Benjamin Runkle ‘is a former paratrooper 3 Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) ‘About’ Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http:// www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ 4 Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) ‘About’ Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http:// www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk-acceptance/ 4 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? and presidential speechwriter, with a Harvard PhD, and a Bronze Star from Operation Iraqi Freedom. He has worked in the Department of Defense and the National Security Council, and is currently a Professional Staff Member on the House Armed Services Committee.’ This makes him a person who may have more direct knowledge concerning the topic. The source is limited in that Benjamin Runkle’s current affiliation with government organizations could result in some of the information being censored. The source supports the ideas concerning the ‘Mogadishu Line’ and its prevalence concerning following operations, especially those under the clinton administration. â€Å"The Clinton administration later declined to intervene to prevent repeated atrocities in Bosnia and a genocide in Rwanda due to its experience in the Aideed manhunt†.5 Analysis It became apparent following the unacceptable loss of U.S. lives in what was intended to be a humanitarian effort that changes needed to be made to the way the U.S. deals with foreign affairs and combat operations. A week following the Mogadishu battle the USS Harlan County was withdrawn from the Haitian harbor of Port-au-Prince. The ship was faced with lightly armed hostile demonstrators who’s numbers were well bellow 200. It became evident that the Clinton administration did not want a repeat of the events in Somalia where simple peace keeping initiatives would turn into hostile combat against the very the people the U.S. forces were sent to help. Bosnia and the Rwanda genocide were no different. As a result of its experiences the U.S. officials maintained a safe distance â€Å"deciding against taking a leading role†.7 in Rwanda. Instead public statements, diplomatic demarcates, initiatives for a ceasefire and attempts at contacting both the interim government perpetr ating the killing and the RPF were the chosen course of action. The U.S. further advocated that the UN refrain from a â€Å"robust response†. 7 With the 1998 bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people and wounding 5,000+, the Clinton administration opted for a missile strike on the al-Qa’ida training camps at Zahwar Kili, Afghanistan. Officers within the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) were keen to launch an infiltration assault to capture Osama bin Laden, head of al-Qa’ida. In spite of a high 95 percent CIA predicted success rate of capturing bin Laden, should forces be given the go ahead to launch, members of the top brass were not convinced. The plans received strong opposition. â€Å"The Mogadishu disaster spooked the Clinton administration as well as the Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the- mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 5 5 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? brass.†6 It was evident in the Pentagon conducted study that there was â€Å"reluctance to even discuss pro-active measures associated with countering the terrorist threat through SOF operations.†7 Not only was the Battle of Mogadishu an exemplar for a raid to capture bin Laden. The failed 1980 operation â€Å"Desert One† was â€Å"repeatedly cited as a catastrophic precedent†7 in which a team attempted the rescue of American hostages in Iran. Chairman of the Join Chiefs of Staff, General Hugh Shelton dismissed the proposed SOF raids as â€Å"dumb-ass ideas, not militarily feasible,† and â€Å"something in a Tom Clancy novel† which ignored â€Å"the time-distance factors.†7 In the face of increasing warnings of active al-Qa’ida plans for attacks on U.S. targets the refusal to consider â€Å"surgical special operations strikes in Afghanistan persisted.† A formidable team of 20 Delta operators and SEALs from Task Force 20 were intent on conducting a raid on a home in Mosul, Iraq. The team was backed by a force of approximately 200 of the 101st Air Assault Division which were situated themselves in support by fire positions to the South and northeast of the target building. Forces were repelled by small arms fire repeatedly. Commanders decided against laying siege as it was unknown if there would be escape tunnels leading away from the building. Fears were mounting for an insurgent retaliation, â€Å"trapping the U.S. forces in an ambush similar to Mogadishu.† To deal with the threat US forces evacuated neighboring homes and fired 18 antitank missiles thus neutralizing the threat. This action showed the unwillingness of US commanders to spare the lives of their men for an objective. Decreasing the number of U.S. casualties has become a priority in United States combat operations in foreign lands. Following the September 11th a ttacks â€Å"US policy makers have became more risk acceptant in dealing with the threat posed by al-Qa’ida.†. 6 Richard Shultz. Command Posts (Aug 2010) â€Å"The Mogadishu Effect and Risk Acceptance† Retrieved August 2nd, 2012, from Command Post site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishueffect-and-risk-acceptance/ 7 6 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Conclusion As a result of the tragic loss of U.S. lives in Mogadishu changes in foreign policy were issued in attempt to â€Å"prevent repeated atrocities† in future conflicts. The American public became and its leaders became sensitive to the thought of loosing more American lives. For the remainder of the Clinton administration policy towards foreign conflicts was more reserved. U.S. officials took a restrained position on conflicts concerning lands or military operations of a likeness to that of their hunt for Aideed. The losses at Mogadishu and the similar loss during the 1980 â€Å"Desert One† mission combined to restructure the way officials approached military objectives. A higher value was placed on the lives of soldiers which resulted in an increased use of alternative methods such as direct missile strikes to neutralize a thread or complete restrained actions in response to a hostile situation such as Rwanda. 7 What effect did US involvement in Mogadishu have on US foreign policy? Bibliography †¢ ‘About’ [section detailing Website purpose] Command Posts (Oct 5, 2010) Retrieved Oct 30, 2012 the Command Posts site: http://www.commandposts.com/2011/08/the-mogadishu-effect-and-risk- acceptance/ †¢ â€Å"Battle of Mogadishu† Wikepedia (2012) Retrieved June 5th, 2012, from Wikepedia site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993) †¢ â€Å"Bosnia and

Partial molar property

Partial molar property INTRODUCTION A partial molar property is the contribution (per mole) that a substance makes to an overall property of a mixture. The easiest partial molar property to visualize is the partial molar volume, vj of a substance j the contribution j makes to the total volume of a mixture. we can see that although 1 mol of a substance has a characteristics volume when it is pure,1 mol of that substance can make different contributions to the total volume of a mixture because molecules pack together in different ways in the pure substance and in mixture. the partial molar volume at an intermediate composition of the watterethanol mixture is an indication of the volume the H2o molecules occupy when they are surrounded by a mixture of molecules representative of the overall composition(half water, half ethanol) for instance. when the molar fraction are both 0s. The partial molar volume, VJ, of any substance J at a general composition, is defined as: where the subscript n indicates that the amount of all the other substances is held constant. The partial molar is the slope of the plot of the total volume as the amount of J is changed with all other variables held constant: it is quite possible for the partial molar volume to be negative, as it would be at II in the above diagram. For example, the partial molar volume of magnesium sulphate in water is -1.4cm3 mol-1. i.e. addition of 1 mol MgSO4 to a large volume of water results in a decrease in volume of 1.4 cm3. (The contraction occurs because the salt breaks up the open structure of water as the ions become hydrated.) Once the partial molar volumes of the two components of a mixture at the composition and temperature of interest are known, the total volume of the mixture can be calculated from: The expression may be extended in an analogous fashion to mixtures with any number of components. The most common method of measuring partial molar volumes is to measure the dependence of the volume of a solution upon its composition. The observed volume can then be fitted to a function of the composition (usually using a computer), and the slope of this function can be determined at any composition of interest by differentiation. PARTIAL MOLAR GIBBS ENERGY The most useful partial molar quantity is the partial molar free energy Gi,pm. It is so useful that it is given the name of chemical potential and a separate sumbol  µi . the chemical potential is just another name for the molar Gibbs energy. For a substance in a mixture, the chemical potential is defined as being the partial molar Gibbs energy: i.e. the chemical potential is the slope of a plot of the Gibbs energy of the mixture against the amount of component J, with all other variables held constant: In the above plot, the partial molar Gibbs energy is greater at I than at II. The total Gibbs energy of a binary mixture is given by: where the sum is across all the different substances present in the mixture, and the chemical potentials are those at the composition of the mixture. This indicates that the chemical potential of a substance in a mixture is the contribution that substance makes to the total Gibbs energy of the mixture. In general, the Gibbs energy depends upon the composition, pressure and temperature. Thus G may change when any of these variables alter, so for a system that has components A, B, etc, it is possible to rewrite the equation dG = Vdp SdT (which is a general result that was derived here) as follows: The idea that the changing composition of a system can do work should be familiar this is what happens in an electrochemical cell, where the two halves of the chemical reaction are separated in space (at the two electrodes) and the changing composition results in the motion of electrons through a circuit, which can be used to do electrical work. it is possible to use the relationships between G and H, and G and U, to generate the following relations: Now H=U+PV To measure partial molar volumes There are several ways that partial molar volumes can be measured. One way is to begin with one mole of a compound, call it component 1, add a small amount of component 2 and measure the volume, add a little more of component 2 and measure the volume again. Keep doing this until the desired concentration range has been covered. Then fit the volume data to a curve, for example, of the form, The constants, a, b, c, etc are obtained from the curve fitting and the first term is the molar volume of pure component 1. Then the partial molar volume of component 2 can be obtained by direct differentiation, Ideal Solutions We will define an ideal solution as a solution for which the chemical potential of each component is given by, whereis the chemical potential of pure component i, and Xi is the mole fraction of component i in the solution. whereis the vapor pressure of pure component i.) We have to prove that an ideal solution obeys Raoults law (using definition). Consider a solution of two components where the mole fraction of component 1 is X1. We know that the chemical potential of component 1 must be the same in the solution as in the vapor in equilibrium with the solution. That is, Equation 10 doesnt help us very much all by itself. However we have some more information. We know that for the pure component 1 we have X1 = 1, and we know that the pressure of component 1 vapor in equilibrium with the liquid is just the vapor pressure of the pure liquid, p1*, so that, which is Raoults law. [5]Chemical potential of an ideal gas the chemical potential  µ of an ideal gas at a given temperature is related to its pressure p through eq.  µ= µ + RT ln(p/p0) (15) where  µo is the standard chemical potential when the when the pressure of the gas is po, equation 15 suggest that at a given temperature, the pressure of the gas is a measure of its chemical potential. if inequalities in pressure exist in a gas container, the gas flows spontaneously from the high pressure region to the lower pressure region until the pressure is equalized throughout the vessel. In the later stage, the gas has the same value of chemical potential throughout the container. IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL POTENTIAL The chemical potentials are the key properties in chemical thermodynamics. the  µi determine reaction equilibrium and phase equilibrium. Moreover, all other partial molar properties and all thermodynamics properties of the solution can be found from the  µi ‘s APPLICATIONS Partial molar properties are useful because chemical mixtures are often maintained at constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions, the value of any extensive property can be obtained from its partial molar property. They are especially useful when considering specific properties of pure substances (that is, properties of one mole of pure substance) and properties of mixing. Δmix H ≠¡ H H*, Δ mixS≠¡ S S*, ΔmixG≠¡G G* Where H,S and G are properties of the solutions and H*,S*, And G* are properties of the pure unmixed components at the same T and P as the solution. the key mixing quantity is ΔmixG =G G*. The Gibbs energy G of the solution is G=iGi(where Gi is a partial molar quantity). The gibbs energy G* of the unmixed components is G*=iG*m,i(where G*m,i is the molar Gibbs energy of pure substance i). Therefore ΔmixG≠¡ G G* = i(Gi G*m,i) const T,P (1) which is similar for ΔmixV. we have ΔmixG = ΔmixH TΔmixS const T,P (2) which is a special case of ΔG =ΔH TΔS at constant T. ΔmixS and ΔmixV can be found as partial derivatives of ΔmixG. Taking (T,nj of eq(1), we have = i G*m,i) = i T,nj = i(Vi V*m,i) T,nj =ΔmixV (3) The changes ΔmixV, ΔmixU, ΔmixH, ΔmixCp that accompany solution formation are due entirely to changes in intermolecular interactions( both energetic and structural). However, changes in S,A and G result not only from changes in intermolecular interactions but also from the unavoidable increase in entropy that accompanies the constant T and P mixing of substance and the simultaneous increase in volume each component occupies. Even if the intermolecular interactions in the solution are the same as in the pure substances, ΔmixS and ΔmixG will still be no zero. GIBBS- DUHEM EQUATION A relation that imposes a condition on the composition variation of the set of chemical potentials of a system of two or more components, where Sis entropy, Tabsolute temperature ,Ppressure, nithe number of moles of the ith component, and ÃŽ ¼iis the chemical potential of the ith component. Also known as Duhems equation. Deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation for volume. The total differential of the Gibbs free energy in terms of its natural variables is With the substitution of two of the Maxwell relations and the definition of chemical potential, this is transformed into: the chemical potential is just another name for the partial molar (or just partial, depending on the units of N) Gibbs free energy, thus The total differential of this expression is Subtracting the two expressions for the total differential of the Gibbs free energy gives the Gibbs-Duhem relation: FUGACITY The presences of molecular interactions distinguish the real gases from ideal gases where the molecular interactions are completely absent. For a real gas Vm ≠  RT/P and hence d µÃ¢â€°  RT d ln P. Since the ideal gas equations are not directly applicable to real gases, we are faced with a problem. We can either sacrifice the equations or the variable. If we abandon the general equation of chemical potential then we have to use various equation of state fitting with P-V-T data. The use of such equations of state will make the treatment more complicated. So we find it easier to retain the general form of the chemical potential and to define a new variable which has the dimensions and general properties of pressure. The new variable is called the fugacity, which is derived from the Latin fugere, to flee, and means literally ‘escaping tendency. It is denoted by f. it is a corrected pressure which applies to real gases. all the effects arising due to interactions are containe d in f. the chemical potential of a pure real gas can be expressed in a form  µ= µo + RT ln(f/atm)  µo is the standard chemical potential at unit fugacity. at very low pressure . the ratio (f/p) = ÃŽ ³ is called the fugacity coefficient. for an ideal gas f=p and the fugacity coefficient is unity. with this definition of the fugacity we may now express the chemical potential as:  µ= µo + RT ln(ÃŽ ³P/atm) =  µo + RT ln(P/atm) + RT ln ÃŽ ³ on compairing this expression with that for an ideal gas[ µideal =  µo + RT ln(P/atm) Condition of fugacity of a gas Let us consider the relation d µ= VmdP d µ = Vm(ideal)dP and d µ(real) = Vm(real) dP Let us consider a change in the state of the system from an initial pressure P ´ to a final pressure P, and let f ´ be the fugacity of the real gas at pressure P ´ and f the fugacity at pressure P. Integration of the expression for chemical potential yields (ideal) = m(ideal)dP or  µ(ideal)  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) = m(ideal)dP and  µ(real)  µÃ‚ ´(real) = m(real)dP but for an ideal gas the chemical potential is given by  µ(ideal) =  µo(ideal) + RT ln(P/atm)  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) =  µo(ideal) + RT ln(P ´/atm)  µo is the standard chemical potential.  µ(ideal)-  µÃ‚ ´(ideal) = RT ln(P/P ´) = m(ideal)dP (1) For the real gas  µ(real) =  µo(real) + RT ln(f/atm) and  µÃ‚ ´(real) =  µo(real) + RTln(f/atm)  µ(real)  µÃ‚ ´(real) = RT ln(f/atm) RT ln(f ´/atm) = RT ln(f/f ´) = m(ideal)dP (2) Taking the difference of equation (2) and (1), we get RT ln(f/f ´) RT ln(P/P ´) = m(real) Vm(ideal)]dP or RT ln(f/P) RT ln(f ´/P ´) = m(real) Vm(ideal)]dP (3) where = Vm(ideal) Vm(real) now, = + RT ln(f/p) RT ln(f ´/P ´) = + (4) If the pressure P ´ is very low then the gas will behave ideally and for this condition Vm(ideal) ≈ Vm(real) and = 1, The second term or left side and right side of equation (4) will be equated to zero, therefore RT ln(f/P) = or ln(f/P) = -1/RT Antilograthim gives (f/P) = exp or f= P exp( = P exp[Vm(real) Vm(ideal) )]dP (5) SUMMARY we had covered in this term paper about partial molar properties one important thing is The properties of a solution are not additive properties, it means volume of solution is not the sum of pure components volume. When a substance becomes a part of a solution it looses its identity but it still contributes to the property of the solution. The term partial molar property is used to designate the component property when it is a mixture with one or more component solution. the most important partial molar quantity is the partial molar free energy it is an intensive property because it is a molar quantity.it is denoted by  µi.now we also know that how to measure the partial volume. and then the ideal solution is the solution in which the components in pure form here we take the pure components of chemical potential . then the applications of partial molar property is the property of mixing which is very useful. it is defined in term paper and the important concept Gibbs duhem equation A relation that imposes a condition on the composition variation of the set of chemical potentials of a system of two or more components physical significance is that if the composition varies,the chemical potentials do not change independently but in a related way.and then included fugacity another important part of partial molar properties. The fugacity f plays the role of pressure and need not be equal to the actual pressure of the real gas. RESULT The overall result is the partial molar property is not of all about pure components. The term partial molar property is used to designate the component property when it is a mixture with one or more component solution. and also find out the chemical potential other name of gibbs energy and about ideal gases, fugacity.